











Anaesthetics – local & genral
….
1.Bupivacaine
Used as
👉 Percutaneous infiltration anaesthesia ,
👉 peripheral nerve block
👉Sympathetic nerve block
,
👉retrobulbar block ,
👉Cadual block
👉Lumbar epidural block
Brand names.
🙏Buloc by celon
Inj – 0.25 % & in 0.5 % ( 20ml )
.
🙏Bupivan by Sun pharma
Inj :- 0.25% (20ml)
0.5% ( 20ml )
0.5% ( 4ml )
.
🙏 Marcain by AHPL
Inj:- 0.5 % ( 20ml )
Inj :- 1 % ( 2ml )
.
👉 used in Induction & maintenance of general anaesthesia
.
🙏Fluothane by AhPL
I:vap :- 100% in ( 200 , 250 , 30, 50 ml ) soln
.
3.Isoflurane
Inhalation anaesthesia
👉 Induction & maintenance of general anaesthesia
.
🙏 Forane by abbott
Inhalant :- 100% in ( 100, 250 ml )
🙏Isorane by AhPL
I:sol :- 5mg/5ml in ( 100,250,30 ml )
.
.
,🙏Ketam by sun
Inj 10mg/ ml (10ml )
Inj 50mg / ml ( 2ml )
.
🙏Ketmin by Themis medicare
Inj 50mg /ml ( 10 ml )
Inj 50 mg/ ml ( 2ml )
.
🙏Ketsia by celon
Inj 100mg ( 2ml )
Inj 500mg ( 10ml )
Abbreviation
I sol :- inhalation solution
Ivap :- inhalation vapour
🙏Gesican 2% gelly by AHPL ( 30ml )
🙏Lidopatch by zydus cadila
T:patch- 5%
🙏Xylocaine by AstraZeneca
T:sol:- 2% 100ml
Oint :- 5% w/w ( 20mg )
Jelly :- 2% w/w ( 30mg )
..
🙏Xylocard 2 % by AstraZeneca
Inj (21.3mg/ml ) 50ml soln
.
🙏 Xylocaine viscous by astra zeneca
T:sol :- 21.3mg/ml ( 100ml )
🙏 Xylocaine topical 4% by AstraZeneca
T:sol :- 42.7mg/ml ( 30ml )
🙏Nummet by icpa
Spy :- 15% w/w ( 100g )
.
Some Combinations
Lidocaine + epinephrine
🙏 Lignosafe by stedman
( Lignocaine hcl 21.3mg & adrenaline 0.0125mg/ml )
Inj in 30ml
🙏 Xylocaine with adrenaline 2% by AstraZeneca
( Lidocaine hcl 21.3mg , adrenaline 0.005mg , nacl 6mg /ml )
Inj 30ml
.
Some other combination
🙏 Xylocaine 5% heavy ( lignocaine hcl 53.3mg/ml , Dextrose 75mg ) inj in 2ml
.
& Xylocaine soln ( same dosage as above ) T:Sol 100ml by AstraZeneca
🙏 Xylocaine spray by AstraZeneca
( Lidocaine hcl 100mg , ethanol 28.29% ) 500ml
.
🙏Xicaine by icpa
( Lignocaine 2 percent , adrenaline 0.022mg) inj 30ml
&
( Lignocaine hcl 2% , adrenaline 0.009 mg ) inj 30ml
.
🙏Asthesia by unichem
( Lidocaine 2.5% w/w , prilocaine 2.5% )
CRM (15,30,5 )g
.
Abbreviation
Crm :- cream
Tsol :- topical solution
• Also known as: CBC; Hemogram
• Sample Required?
• Test Preparation Needed?
• Why get tested?
• Also known as: Hgb; Hb; H and H (Hemoglobin and Hematocrit)
• Sample Required?
• Test Preparation Needed?
• Why get tested?
• When to get tested?
• Also known as: Thrombocyte count; PLT; Platelet distribution width; PDW; Mean Platelet volume; MPV.
• Sample Required?
• Test Preparation Needed?
• Why get tested?
• When to get tested?
• What is being tested?
• Also known as: Leukocyte differential count; Peripheral differential; WBC count differential; Diff; blood differential; Differential Blood Count
• Formal name: White blood cell differential
• Why get tested?
• When to get tested?
• What is being tested?
Dentowesome|@drmehnazđź–Š
References: Google.com, lecturio.com, Study Notes✍🏻
Steroids are a group of hormones produced naturally in the body.
The adrenal cortex consists of 3 zones:
• Glucocorticoid secretion is regulated by ACTH produced in the anterior pituitary. Cortisol has a -ve feedback on ACTH production.
• In Addison diseases, Glucocorticoid secretion impaired & ACTH is ⬆️
Stress
⬇️
Release of cytokines (IL-1)
⬇️
⬆️ cortisol levels
The substrate for steroid production is cholesterol. It is mobilized from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane by the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein.
• Action: Anti-allergy, anti-inflammatory
• Therapeutic Uses:
Action: Fibrinolytic,Anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory*
It causes ⬇️ fibroblastic production & deposition of collagen*
• Trade Name: CORTEF, ORABASE-HCA
• Preparation:
• Hydrocortisone acetate 25-50 mg/mL for soft tissue suspensions
• Hydrocortisone sodium phosphate: 50mg/mL IV, IM, SC
• Uses:
• Action: Anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive
• Uses:
• Trade name: DELTA-CORTEF, PRELONE
• Uses:
• Trade name: Kenolog cream
• Uses:
👉🏻Mainly used for adrenal cortical suppression
• Trade name: DECADRON
• Action: Anti-allergy, anti-inflammatory
• Uses: Lichen planus, pemphigus, Aphthae ulcer
Dr. Mehnaz Memonđź–Š
References: Self Notes, Image chart source: Classification of Drugs with DOC by Vikas Seth (Third Edition)
Hyperactivity of anterior pituitary gland:
Hypoactivity of anterior pituitary gland:
Hyperactivity of posterior pituitary gland:
Hypoactivity of posterior pituitary gland:
Source : essentials of physiology by sembulingam
Step 1 – Choose the right equipment:
What you will need:
1. A quality stethoscope
2. An appropriately sized blood pressure cuff
3. A blood pressure measurement instrument such as an aneroid or mercury column sphygmomanometer or an automated device with a manual inflate mode.
Step 2 – Prepare the patient:Make sure the patient is relaxed by allowing 5 minutes to relax before the first reading. The patient should sit upright with their upper arm positioned so it is level with their heart and feet flat on the floor. Remove excess clothing that might interfere with the BP cuff or constrict blood flow in the arm. Be sure you and the patient refrain from talking during the reading.
Step 3 – Choose the proper BP cuff size: Most measurement errors occur by not taking the time to choose the proper cuff size. Wrap the cuff around the patient’s arm and use the INDEX line to determine if the patient’s arm circumference falls within the RANGE area. Otherwise, choose the appropriate smaller or larger cuff.
Step 4 – Place the BP cuff on the patient’s arm: Palpate/locate the brachial artery and position the BP cuff so that the ARTERY marker points to the brachial artery. Wrap the BP cuff snugly around the arm.
Step 5 – Position the stethoscope: On the same arm that you placed the BP cuff, palpate the arm at the antecubical fossa (crease of the arm) to locate the strongest pulse sounds and place the bell of the stethoscope over the brachial artery at this location.
Step 6 – Inflate the BP cuff:Begin pumping the cuff bulb as you listen to the pulse sounds. When the BP cuff has inflated enough to stop blood flow you should hear no sounds through the stethoscope. The gauge should read 30 to 40 mmHg above the person’s normal BP reading. If this value is unknown you can inflate the cuff to 160 – 180 mmHg. (If pulse sounds are heard right away, inflate to a higher pressure.)
Step 7 – Slowly Deflate the BP cuff: Begin deflation. The AHA recommends that the pressure should fall at 2 – 3 mmHg per second, anything faster may likely result in an inaccurate measurement.
Step 8 – Listen for the Systolic Reading: The first occurence of rhythmic sounds heard as blood begins to flow through the artery is the patient’s systolic pressure. This may resemble a tapping noise at first.
Step 9 – Listen for the Diastolic Reading: Continue to listen as the BP cuff pressure drops and the sounds fade. Note the gauge reading when the rhythmic sounds stop. This will be the diastolic reading.
Step 10 – Double Check for Accuracy: The AHA recommends taking a reading with both arms and averaging the readings. To check the pressure again for accuracy wait about five minutes between readings. Typically, blood pressure is higher in the mornings and lower in the evenings. If the blood pressure reading is a concern or masked or white coat hypertension is suspected, a 24 hour blood pressure study may be required to assess the patient’s overall blood pressure profile.
References: