




Reference: Gray’s Anatomy
Muscles of face bring about different types of facial expressions, hence the name muscles of facial expression, the actions of many of them are implied by their names.
CHARACTERISTICS:
MUSCLES AROUND THE ORIFICE OF EYE
🔹️Orbicularis oculi
Consists of three parts:
It closes the eye tightly during intense sunlight and also for winking.
2. Palpebral part: arises from medial palpebral ligament and sweeps laterally over the upper and lower eyelids to be inserted into lateral palpebral ligament.
It closes the eyelids gently as in sleep or in blinking.
3. Lacrimal part: arises from posterior lacrimal crest and lacrimal fascia and passes laterally in front of tarsal plates of both eyelids to be inserted into lateral palpebral range.
It dilates the lacrimal sac , thus helping in the drainage of lacrimal fluid.
🔹️Corrugator supervision
It arises from medial end of superciliary arch, passes laterally and upwards to be inserted into the skin of eyebrow.
It drags the eyebrow medially and downwards producing vertical wrinkles on the the forehead.
🔹️Frontalis
It elevates the eyebrows and produces transverse wrinkles on the forehead.
🔹️Levator palpebra superioris
It elevates the upper eyelid.
MUSCLES AROUND NASAL CAVITY
🔹️Procerus
Arises from nasal bone, passes upwards to be inserted into the skin of lower part of the forehead.
It produces transverse wrinkles across the bridge of the nose.
🔹️Nasalis
Consists of 2 parts:
It compresses the nasal aperture.
2. Dilator naris: arises from maxilla for the margin of nasal notch and inserted into the lateral part Ala of nose.
Dilates the anterior nasal apertures.
🔹️DEPRESSOR SEPTI
It arises incisive fossa of the maxilla and is inserted into the lower mobile part of the nasal septum.
It fixes the nasal septum to allow dilation of anterior nasal aperture by dilator naris.
MUSCLES AROUND MOUTH
🔹️Orbicularis Oris
It has extrinsic and intrinsic portions. The major extrinsic portion is composed of interlacing fibres of the muscles which converge around the mouth for their insertion into the lips. The fibres of buccinator converge towards modulus and form chiasma.
The intrinsic portion consists of fibres running obliquely between the skin and mucous membranes of lips, incisive slips, which pass laterally into lips and interlace with fibres of peripheral part of orbicularis oris.
🔹️Nine muscles which converge around the mouth
Muscle of chin: Mentalis
Arises from incisive fossa of mandible, inserted into lower lip.
It puckers the chin and protrudes the lower lip.
REFERENCE:
Vishram Singh: Textbook of Anatomy
It is an uninterrupted circle of protective lymphoid tissue at the upper ends of the respiratory and alimentary tracts.
Boundaries-
The pharynx is divided into 3 parts-
1.) Nasopharynx
2.) Oropharynx
3.) Laryngopharynx
Muscles of the pharynx-
1.) Longitudinal Muscles
2.) Circular Muscles
The space between the base of the skull and the superior constrictor is called as the pharyngobasilar fascia or the SINUS OF MORGAGNI.
Killian’s dehiscence-
The inferior constrictor muscle splits into two- the stylopharyngeus and the cricopharyngeus.
The potential space between these two is called as the Killian’s dehiscence.
Incoordination in the area will lead to – ZENKER’S DIVERTICULUM.
Lateral wall of nose has three owing projections called as conchae. These conchae increase the surface area
Lateral wall of the nose is partly made up of bone and partly by cartilage and partly made up of soft tissues
Lateral wall is subdivided into three parts
• Small depressed area in the anterior part is called vestibule which contains short and stiff hair called vibrissae
• Middle part is called as atrium of middle meatus and posterior part contains conchae and space separating conchae are called meatus
Nasal conchae are curved bony projection which are directed medially and downwards
â—Ź Superior concha and middle concha are made up of ethmoid bone and inferior concha is an independent bone
â—Ź Meatuses are the passages beneath overhanging conchae. Each meatus will communicate with nasal cavity proper
â—Ź Inferior meatus is present underneath the inferior concha and it’s largest of all meatuses. nasolacrimal duct opens into it and it’s opening is guarded by hasner’s valve
â—Ź Middle meatus lies underneath the middle concha. Frontal air sinus , anterior ethmoidal air sinus and maxillary sinus opens into it
â—Ź Superior meatus lies below the superior concha. It receives openings of Posterior ethmoidal air sinus
â—Ź Sphenoethmoidal recess is triangular fossa present just above superior concha it receives opening of sphenoid air sinus
â—Ź Anteriosuperior quadrant is supplied by anterior ethmoidal artery and assisted by posterior ethmoidal artery. Anterioinferior quadrant is supplied by branch of facial artery
â—Ź Posteriosuperior quadrant supplied by branches of sphenopalatine artery. Posterioinferior quadrant is supplied by greater palatine artery
â—Ź Venous drainage : Veins form plexus which anteriorly into facial vein and posteriorly into pharyngeal plexus of veins
â—Ź Nerve supply : Anteriosuperior quadrant is supplied by anterior ethmoidal nerve branch of opthalmic nerve. Anterioinferior quadrant is supplied by anterior superior alveolar nerve, branch of infraorbital and continuation of maxillary nerve
â—Ź Posteriosuperior quadrant is supplied by lateral posterior superior nasal branches of pterygopalatine ganglion. Posterioinferior quadrant is supplied by anterior palatine branch from pytergopalatine ganglion
Hypertrophy of mucosa over inferior nasal concha is a common feature of allergic rhinitis which is characterised by sneezing , nasal blockage and excessive nasal discharge from nose. Drugs like Nasal decongestants and antihistamines may be given.
Reference : B.D chaurasia
Functions of tongue : deglutition, taste sensation, speech, mastication
â—ŹTongue is mainly supplied by lingual artery branch of external carotid artery, tonsilar branch of facial artery and Ascending pharyngeal artery branch of external carotid artery
â—Ź Venous drainage : dorsal lingual veins and deep lingual veins
â—Ź Sensory supply: lingual nerve supplies anterior 2/3rd of tongue, glossopharngeal nerve supplies posterior 1/3rd of tongue, Vagus nerve supplies posterior most part of tongue
â—Ź Motor supply : All extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue are supplied by hypoglossal nerve except palatoglossus supplied by vagus nerve
â—Ź Ankyloglossia (tongue tie) : Occurs due to abnormal length of frenulum that extends to the tip of the tongue . Ankyloglossia can be corrected surgically.
â—Ź Fissured tongue: Occurs when small furrows present on dorsal surface of the tongue. They are generally painless and benign and often associated with other syndromes
â—Ź Geographic tongue: asymptomatic and benign characterized by presence of red patches with greyish white border covering dorsum of tongue
â—Ź An average adult has 2000- 4000 taste buds
â—Ź You cannot see your taste buds with naked eye. Those tiny pink and white bumps you see are actually papillae
â—Ź Tongue muscles are only muscles in the body working independent of the skeleton
â—Ź An oversized tongue is indicative of sleep apnea disorder
â—Ź Children sense flavours more intensely compared to adults. Umami is new variant of taste , monosodium glutamate is chemical responsible for this taste
â—Ź Women have shorter tongue than men.
â—Ź Your tongue is germ free only of its pink. If it is white there is a thin film of bacteria on it
â—Ź Blue whale has largest tongue in animal kingdom and weighs 5400lbs
Reference: B.D chaurasia and interesting facts from google